Investigating the role of description and narration has always been important in studying literary genres, and narratology, in our time is an independent field of study. A fiction, although intermingles description and narration, indicates, from one side, the actions and accidents that constitute narration, and represents, from the other side, the things and characters that produce description. This article studies the importance of description in novel. One aspect of this study is the relation between description and narration that necessarily emphasizes the impact of description on the physiognomy of narrative. This study, therefore, after a historical review of description in novel, deals with the structure of description to examine, ultimately, the most effective functions of it in novel by adopting the perspective of structural analysis.

Description is the literary essence of memoir. Among various types of description, personality description is an essential element in memoir writing. The memoirist starts characterization while, due to the realist aspect of memoir, he is deprived of a range of imaginative dimensions and ambiguity in storytelling compared to the character description in other works of art and literature. The book Water Never Dies is the story of Hamid Hesam about the presence of Sardar Mirza Mohammad Solgi in the front, who won the first place in the eighth Jalal Al-Ahmad Award. In 2016, due to the accuracy of the descriptive discussions, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution wrote a epigram on it. The present study intends to investigate the functions of character description in the book Water Never Dies, using in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results show that in expressing personality traits, much attention has been paid to expressing the moral-intrinsic characteristics of warriors. 74 cases )23. 87%) of functions belong to emotional function, 62 cases of which are related to negative emotions and 12 cases belong to positive emotions. The author has used positive attributes about the spiritual moments and moral characteristics of Iranian warriors, but negative attributes are more about the situations of the imposed war and the injustices of the enemy and the unequal situation of war. Referring to the negative traits of the Iranian forces, the accuracy and correct and meaningful choice of descriptive words indicate a conscious pathology.

Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most important parameters in plant growth studies, which has a direct relationship with the amount of light absorption, photosynthesis, plant physiological indicators, yield, etc. to be In this study, different growth functions such as Gompertz, Gaussian, polynomial and logistic were used to model silage maize leaf area index (as a dependent variable) based on growth degree days (as an independent variable). The studied treatments included pulse irrigation and continuous irrigation, each at three levels of MAD equal to 100, 80 and 60%, which were applied as a completely randomized block design. The results showed that based on R2, NRMSE and EF parameters, all four used models were highly accurate and precise in estimating the leaf area index during the growth period. Among the four investigated models, the logistic model showed the best result among different irrigation managements and levels. Also, this model had the highest efficiency among both continuous and pulse irrigation treatments, in MAD equal to 100%. The results of this study can be a basis for monitoring crop growth and evaluating different managements in the water, soil and plant chain, and finally a useful tool for management and planning to achieve food security.

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

The description has a significant position in narrative studies and is used for pausing and stopping the narration, reducing its speed, which sometimes results in the disturbed temporal rhythm of the novel. This element has been used for many functions, including aesthetical, passive-emotional, interpretive, and other functions in the novel “Hekayeh Bahhar” by Hanna Mina, the Syrian novelist. This study collects and describes different types of description functions through the descriptive method and investigates and analyzes the goals of these functions in the novel based on the analytical method. In these functions, the descriptive aspect dominates over the narrative aspect within various types of descriptions based on different phrases. The research result confirms that the semantic-interpretative function of description in this novel is used to illustrate the physical and mental traits of characters and examine the elements of place; moreover, aesthetical decorative function in it has been applied through romantic and decorative metaphors and analogies for describing the nature, coast, and sea. Moreover, the rhythmic function in this novel has been used to create anxiety and confusion, and its amphibological function is to persuade the reader of the realism of the events. All of the functions mentioned for description have been realized through investigation of the Syrian community, people and their problems, the lives of sailors, and entertaining readers through the text. The objective of description in this novel is to create and firm the interpretative-semantic frameworks in most cases.

In this paper, an alternative approach in operational modal analysis is presented, utilizing image processing technique and transmissibility functions. Imaging sensors do not impose additional mass on the structure due to their non-contact nature, while transmissibility functions, independent of excitation type, can directly extract mode shapes. The innovation of this research lies in combining these two techniques to record dynamic responses and identify modal properties. To capture the temporal response history from video signals, the block-matching method with sub-pixel accuracy was employed. Validation was conducted by recording the response of the tip of a cantilevered steel beam subjected to impact excitation, using a high-speed camera and a laser vibrometer, simultaneously. The RMSE plots in the time domain and the PSD in the frequency domain indicate high accuracy of this method. Using this approach, the displacement time histories of various points on the structure were extracted from the video signals, and the modal properties, including natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes, were identified using the transmissibility matrix method. The results obtained from the proposed method were compared with the stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method and analytical solutions. The findings reveal the accuracy of the modal identification approach introduced in this article. The highest relative error in estimating the natural frequencies of the first and second modes, compared to the values from the laser method, are 0.19% and 0.13%, respectively, and in comparison to the analytical values, they are 0.34% and 1.5%, respectively.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Rhetoric in literary terms is all the methods and elements that can be effective in attracting and influencing the audience. But ancient rhetoric does not suitable for the modern era. But ancient rhetoric is not very useful in understanding the modern era, and therefore, it is necessary to review its traditional structure, especially in Persian. The scope of life writing perhaps requires a new approach more than other writings. While traditionally, these writings have been considered solely historical writings, it seems that in the modern rhetorical system, it is necessary to recognize their aesthetic aspects, aspects that attract the audience due to their beauty or emotional impact. Unlike traditional literary criticism, which focused on the superstructural aspects of texts, in modern criticism, the narrative character is considered one of the literary characteristics of the text. In examining the factors that enhance the narrative dimension, the element of description always forms an important part of the narrative structure in the text. METHODOLOGY: The research method in this article is descriptive analysis using library resources. FINDINGS: The importance of the book What You Are Not Strangers is not only in the narration of the author"s life, but also in his creative expression style using elements to strengthen the narrative aspect, such as description. Considering descriptive aesthetics from a functionalist perspective, this article shows the creative role of this element, how it was able to enhance the reader"s understanding and artistic pleasure by strengthening the narrative aspect. This article also seeks to clarify some of the functional aspects of the book as one of the contemporary Persian novels. So that it became clear how the author was able to take steps to strengthen the literary aspects of the work, such as its emotional, emotional, and imaginative aspects, in accordance with the cultural context, and by intertwining this element with the narrative on the one hand, and with other artistic subtleties, transform this text into a coherent and literary whole. CONCLUSION: Using the power of memory and imagination, Moradi has intertwined his narrative with descriptions of space, place, time, and characters. The use of this element has played a number of roles in this autobiography, the most prominent of which are explanatory (cognitive), illustrative, organizational, sensory, decorative (arrangement), and emotional functions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In descriptive study, various aspects of description are considered as an important part and a main element and a broad perspective so that the description is used in the form of efficient and analytical structures to study and analyze literary texts such as stories and novels. Descriptors believe that it is possible to know and understand many of the methods and aesthetic techniques of a text and its features depending on the study of descriptive methods and how it is used in the text. In the past, the element of description was considered as a sub-element and static in narration, but today in the science of descriptively, this element is very important. The main purpose of this research and its field of study is to investigate the dynamics of the descriptive element in the text of the two stories of Tangsir and Buf-e-kur by Chubak and Hedayat. METHODOLOGY: The study method in this article is library and the use of descriptive-analytical method is based on the text of two stories of Tangsir and Buf-e-kur in terms of descriptive propositions. FINDINGS: The findings indicate that descriptive propositions in the structure and content of the two stories have been used artistically by Chubak and Hedayat in the service of storytelling, and therefore the descriptive elements in these two stories can be considered dynamic. CONCLUSION: In Tangsir and Buf-e-kur have used short, detailed, long, explicit, implicit, hidden and content descriptions with literary, ironic, mythological and aesthetic functions.

The relationship between science and philosophy can be examined from various aspects; One of them is the question of the relationship between "scientific description" and "philosophical explanation." empiricists believe that there is no relation between the question of why phenomena are in the position of explanation, and how they are in the position of description and that the boundaries of natural science are independent of metaphysical and physical philosophy. In the meantime, paying attention to the thoughts of Avicenna, who was familiar with both philosophy and natural science, can be useful. In the Avicennian philosophy, explanation differs from the description, but it is not independent. The method of philosophical explanation, both in metaphysical philosophy and in physical philosophy, is effective in the method of scientific description. Thus, methodologically, description is the opposite of prescription, not explanation. Accordingly, without having any model of causal relations, it is not possible to provide a methodical description of natural and scientific phenomena. The main features of this causal model include: distinguishing between causal and intrinsic causality, near and far causality, simple and compound causality, potential and actual causality, and also the effect of causal relations in scientific attribution and reasoning.